Great White Shark Hunting Strategies 大白鯊：海中的專業殺手
Are great white sharks the Jack the Rippers of the ocean?
大白鯊是海中的開膛手傑克嗎？
Steven Spielberg's Jaws in 1975 is generally thought of as the first summer blockbuster. This film scared the pants off the public because it showed many _(1)_ scenes with people being eaten alive by sharks. A recently released study states that great white sharks may be even more fearsome predators than they were _(2)_ depicted. Scientists studying great white sharks say that they've observed them using _(3)_ more commonly found in human serial killers than in animals when hunting prey.
Neil Hammerschlag, a shark researcher at the University of Miami, says great white sharks do not just attack their prey _(4)_. Instead, they observe the animals from a _(5)_ and study their habits before closing in for the kill. The sharks will follow their prey from as far as 100 yards away—too far for them to be seen or _(6)_ their victims. They attack their prey, especially young and alone, when the light is low. They also attack when no other sharks are around to _(7)_ with them.
Though this makes the great white sound more _(8)_ a vicious murderer than an animal, it's important not to see this aquatic predator as some sort of Jack the Ripper of the sea. Unlike human murderers, sharks don't murder for the thrill of killing; they only kill to eat and _(9)_. While attacks on humans sometimes happen, they are extremely _(10)_. Given a choice, the great white would rather avoid humans entirely, choosing to make a tasty meal of a seal, dolphin, sea lion, or even another shark!
(A) like (B) compete (C) rare (D) scare away (E) distance (F) realistic (G) techniques (H) randomly (I) survive (J) previously
原來如此
1. This film scared the pants off the public because it showed many realistic scenes with people being eaten alive by sharks.
理由:
a. 空格前有數量形容詞 many（許多的），空格後有名詞 scenes（場景），可知空格應置入形容詞修飾 scenes。
b. 選項中為形容詞的有 (C) rare（罕見的，稀少的）和 (F) realistic（逼真的），惟 realistic 置入後符合語意，表這部片因為有許多人被鯊魚活生生吃掉的『逼真』場景而嚇壞大眾，故選 (F)。
c. realistic a. 逼真的，栩栩如生的
例: The fish was attracted to the realistic plastic bait.
（那條魚被栩栩如生的人造餌給吸引了過來。）
2. A recently released study states that great white sharks may be even more fearsome predators than they were previously depicted.
理由:
a. 空格之前有 be 動詞 were，其後則有過去分詞 depicted（被描述），可知空格內應置入副詞修飾 depicted。
b. 選項中為副詞的有 (H) randomly（任意地，隨便地）和 (J) previously（先前），惟 previously 置入後符合語意，表大白鯊可能比『之前』所描述的還更令人生畏，故 (J) 為正選。
c. previously adv. 先前，以前
例: John was previously an architect, but now he is a successful businessman.
（約翰以前是建築師，現在則是個成功的商人。）
3. Scientists studying great white sharks say that they've observed them using techniques more commonly found in human serial killers than in animals when hunting prey.
理由:
a. 空格前有及物動詞 using（運用），可知空格內應置入名詞，作為 using 的受詞。
b. 選項中為名詞的有 (E) distance（距離）和 (G) techniques（技巧），惟 techniques 置入符合語意，表研究大白鯊的科學家表示，他們觀察到大白鯊獵食時會運用一些『技巧』，可知應選 (G)。
c. technique n. 技術，技巧
4. Neil Hammerschlag...says great white sharks do not just attack their prey randomly.
理由:
a. 空格前為完整的句構，可知空格內應置入副詞。
b. 選項中為副詞的僅剩 (H) randomly（任意地，隨便地），置入後亦符合語意，故選 (H)。
c. randomly adv. 任意地，隨便地
= at random
例: We randomly chose a place to eat at the food court.
（我們在美食廣場裡隨便找個地方吃東西。）
5. Instead, they observe the animals from a distance and study their habits before closing in for the kill.
理由:
a. 空格前有介詞 from 和不定冠詞 a，可知空格內應置入名詞。
b. 選項中為名詞的僅剩 (E) distance（距離），置入後形成以下固定用法：
from a distance 從遠方
例: It is best to view a fireworks display from a distance.
（看煙火表演最好從遠方觀賞。）
c. 根據上述，可知應選 (E)。
6. The sharks will follow their prey from as far as 100 yards away—too far for them to be seen or scare away their victims.
理由:
a. 空格前有原形 be 動詞及對等連接詞 and，後有名詞 victims（受害者），可知空格內應置入原形及物動詞或及物動詞片語。
b. 符合上述的選項有 (A) like（喜歡）、(D) scare away（嚇跑）和 (I) survive（從……逃生），惟 scare away 置入後符合語意，表鯊魚會從距離獵物達 100 碼之處進行跟蹤，這個距離遠到不會被獵物看見而把牠們『嚇跑』，故選 (D)。
c. scare away... 把……嚇走
= scare off...
例: The farmer uses scarecrows to scare birds away from his field.
（那位農夫利用稻草人把鳥從他的農地嚇走。）
7. They also attack when no other sharks are around to compete with them.
理由:
a. 空格前有不定詞 to，後有介詞 with，可知空格內應置入原形不及物動詞。
b. 符合上述的選項有 (B) compete（競爭）和 (I) survive（倖存，活下來），惟 compete 置入後符合語意，故選 (B)。
c. compete vi. 競爭
compete with... 和……競爭
例: Kent had to compete with 10 other people for the same job.
（肯特必須和另外 10 個人競爭這份工作。）
8. Though this makes the great white sound more like a vicious murderer than an animal, ...
理由:
a. 空格測試以下固定用法：
sound like + 名詞 聽起來像……
例: Your voice sounds like your father's.
（你的聲音聽起來像你爸爸。）
b. 根據上述，可知 (A) like 為正選。
9. Unlike human murderers, sharks don't murder for the thrill of killing; they only kill to eat and survive.
理由:
a. 空格位於句尾，而前有原形動詞 eat 及對等連接詞 and，可知空格內應置入原形不及物動詞或不及物動詞片語。
b. 符合上述的選項僅剩 (I) survive（倖存，活下來），置入後亦符合語意，表鯊魚只會為了食物和『生存』進行殺戮，可知應選 (I)。
c. survive vi. 倖存，活下來
例: After the plane crash, Laura felt lucky that she survived unharmed.
（墜機事件後，蘿拉覺得自己很幸運能毫髮無傷活下來。）
10. While attacks on humans sometimes happen, they are extremely rare.
理由:
a. 空格前有 be 動詞 are 和副詞 extremely（極度地），可知空格內應置入形容詞。
b. 選項中為形容詞的僅剩 (C) rare（罕見的，稀少的），置入後亦符合語意，表雖然鯊魚攻擊人類的事件時有耳聞，但這種情形相當『罕見』，故 (C) 為正選。
c. rare a. 罕見的，稀少的
例: This comic book is rare and worth lots of money.
（這本漫畫書很稀有，現在值不少錢。）
精解字詞片語
1. scare the pants off sb 把某人嚇得魂不附體
例: The horror movie scared the pants off Andy.
（這部恐怖片把安迪嚇得魂不附體。）
2. alive a. 活著的
be eaten/buried alive 被活生生吃掉∕被活埋
注意:
alive 與名詞並用時，應置於名詞之後。
例: The police only found two people alive after the landslide.
（這場山崩後，警方只找到兩名生還者。）
3. depict vt. 描寫，描述
depict A as B 把 A 描述∕形容為 B
= describe A as B
例: Al depicted his ex-wife as an alcoholic.
（艾爾把他前妻說成是酒鬼。）
4. observe vt. 觀察
例: The little boy observed the ants crawling up the tree.
（這小男孩觀察那些螞蟻往樹上爬。）
5. commonly adv. 通常，一般
例: Knee injuries are commonly found among basketball players.
（膝蓋受傷在籃球員中很常見。）
6. close in 靠近；包圍
close in for the kill 靠近以獵殺
close in on sb/sth 朝某物∕某人靠近
例: The police closed in on the criminal's hideout.
（警方慢慢朝罪犯的藏身之處接近。）
7. especially adv. 特別，尤其
例: Andy likes all kinds of fruit, especially watermelon.
= Andy likes all kinds of fruit, particularly watermelon.
= Andy likes all kinds of fruit, watermelon in particular.
（安迪喜歡所有的水果，尤其是西瓜。）
8. some sort of... 某種的……
= some kind of...
例: Jack saw some sort of flying object in the sky the other day.
（前些天傑克看到空中有某種飛行物體。）
9. would rather + V 寧願……
例: Even if your criticism is constructive, I would rather not hear it at all.
（即使你的批評很有建設性，我還是寧願不要聽。）
單字小舖
1. strategy n. 策略；戰略
2. blockbuster n. 賣座大片
3. fearsome a. 可怕的
4. predator n. 掠食者
5. serial killer n. 連續殺人犯
6. prey n. 獵物
7. victim n. 受害者
8. vicious a. 凶惡的
9. murderer n. 兇手；謀殺者
10. aquatic a. 水棲的，水生的
11. ripper n. 持刀殺人者；撕裂者
12. murder vi. & vt. 殺人，謀殺
13. thrill n. 興奮，激動
14. entirely adv. 完全，徹底地
同義字:
completely adv. 完全地
= totally adv.
15. seal n. 海豹
16. dolphin n. 海豚
17. sea lion n. 海獅
片語小舖
＊ be thought of as... 被視為……
= be looked on/upon as...
= be regarded as...
= be seen as...
= be viewed as...
史蒂芬‧史匹柏 1975 年的《大白鯊》被公認為首部暑假賣座強片。這部片中因為有許多人被鯊魚活生生吃掉的逼真場景而嚇壞大眾。最近有一項研究顯示，大白鯊這種獵食動物可能比之前所描述的還更令人生畏。研究大白鯊的科學家表示，他們觀察到大白鯊獵食時會運用一些技巧，而這些技巧較常見於人類中的連續殺人犯，而非動物界。
邁阿密大學的鯊魚研究員 Neil Hammerschlag 說，大白鯊並非隨意攻擊獵物。相反地，牠們會從遠方觀察動物，研究其習性，然後靠近捕食。鯊魚會從距離獵物達 100 碼之處進行跟蹤，這個距離遠到不會被獵物看見或把牠們嚇跑。牠們在光線昏暗時攻擊獵物，尤其是年幼落單的動物。此外，牠們也會挑沒有其他鯊魚在附近一起競爭時進行攻擊。
雖然這個研究結果讓大白鯊更像兇惡的殺人兇手而非動物，但重要的是，不能因此將這種水中獵食者視為開膛手傑克。不同於人類的殺人兇手，鯊魚不會為了追求刺激而獵殺，牠們只會為了食物和生存進行殺戮。雖然鯊魚攻擊人類的事件時有耳聞，但這種情形相當罕見。如果可以選擇的話，大白鯊寧願避開人類，選擇海豹、海豚、海獅或甚至自己的同類來飽餐一頓。
標準答案: 1. (F) 2. (J) 3. (G) 4. (H) 5. (E) 6. (D) 7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (I) 10. (C)
大白鯊是海中的開膛手傑克嗎？
Steven Spielberg's Jaws in 1975 is generally thought of as the first summer blockbuster. This film scared the pants off the public because it showed many _(1)_ scenes with people being eaten alive by sharks. A recently released study states that great white sharks may be even more fearsome predators than they were _(2)_ depicted. Scientists studying great white sharks say that they've observed them using _(3)_ more commonly found in human serial killers than in animals when hunting prey.
Neil Hammerschlag, a shark researcher at the University of Miami, says great white sharks do not just attack their prey _(4)_. Instead, they observe the animals from a _(5)_ and study their habits before closing in for the kill. The sharks will follow their prey from as far as 100 yards away—too far for them to be seen or _(6)_ their victims. They attack their prey, especially young and alone, when the light is low. They also attack when no other sharks are around to _(7)_ with them.
Though this makes the great white sound more _(8)_ a vicious murderer than an animal, it's important not to see this aquatic predator as some sort of Jack the Ripper of the sea. Unlike human murderers, sharks don't murder for the thrill of killing; they only kill to eat and _(9)_. While attacks on humans sometimes happen, they are extremely _(10)_. Given a choice, the great white would rather avoid humans entirely, choosing to make a tasty meal of a seal, dolphin, sea lion, or even another shark!
(A) like (B) compete (C) rare (D) scare away (E) distance (F) realistic (G) techniques (H) randomly (I) survive (J) previously
原來如此
1. This film scared the pants off the public because it showed many realistic scenes with people being eaten alive by sharks.
理由:
a. 空格前有數量形容詞 many（許多的），空格後有名詞 scenes（場景），可知空格應置入形容詞修飾 scenes。
b. 選項中為形容詞的有 (C) rare（罕見的，稀少的）和 (F) realistic（逼真的），惟 realistic 置入後符合語意，表這部片因為有許多人被鯊魚活生生吃掉的『逼真』場景而嚇壞大眾，故選 (F)。
c. realistic a. 逼真的，栩栩如生的
例: The fish was attracted to the realistic plastic bait.
（那條魚被栩栩如生的人造餌給吸引了過來。）
2. A recently released study states that great white sharks may be even more fearsome predators than they were previously depicted.
理由:
a. 空格之前有 be 動詞 were，其後則有過去分詞 depicted（被描述），可知空格內應置入副詞修飾 depicted。
b. 選項中為副詞的有 (H) randomly（任意地，隨便地）和 (J) previously（先前），惟 previously 置入後符合語意，表大白鯊可能比『之前』所描述的還更令人生畏，故 (J) 為正選。
c. previously adv. 先前，以前
例: John was previously an architect, but now he is a successful businessman.
（約翰以前是建築師，現在則是個成功的商人。）
3. Scientists studying great white sharks say that they've observed them using techniques more commonly found in human serial killers than in animals when hunting prey.
理由:
a. 空格前有及物動詞 using（運用），可知空格內應置入名詞，作為 using 的受詞。
b. 選項中為名詞的有 (E) distance（距離）和 (G) techniques（技巧），惟 techniques 置入符合語意，表研究大白鯊的科學家表示，他們觀察到大白鯊獵食時會運用一些『技巧』，可知應選 (G)。
c. technique n. 技術，技巧
4. Neil Hammerschlag...says great white sharks do not just attack their prey randomly.
理由:
a. 空格前為完整的句構，可知空格內應置入副詞。
b. 選項中為副詞的僅剩 (H) randomly（任意地，隨便地），置入後亦符合語意，故選 (H)。
c. randomly adv. 任意地，隨便地
= at random
例: We randomly chose a place to eat at the food court.
（我們在美食廣場裡隨便找個地方吃東西。）
5. Instead, they observe the animals from a distance and study their habits before closing in for the kill.
理由:
a. 空格前有介詞 from 和不定冠詞 a，可知空格內應置入名詞。
b. 選項中為名詞的僅剩 (E) distance（距離），置入後形成以下固定用法：
from a distance 從遠方
例: It is best to view a fireworks display from a distance.
（看煙火表演最好從遠方觀賞。）
c. 根據上述，可知應選 (E)。
6. The sharks will follow their prey from as far as 100 yards away—too far for them to be seen or scare away their victims.
理由:
a. 空格前有原形 be 動詞及對等連接詞 and，後有名詞 victims（受害者），可知空格內應置入原形及物動詞或及物動詞片語。
b. 符合上述的選項有 (A) like（喜歡）、(D) scare away（嚇跑）和 (I) survive（從……逃生），惟 scare away 置入後符合語意，表鯊魚會從距離獵物達 100 碼之處進行跟蹤，這個距離遠到不會被獵物看見而把牠們『嚇跑』，故選 (D)。
c. scare away... 把……嚇走
= scare off...
例: The farmer uses scarecrows to scare birds away from his field.
（那位農夫利用稻草人把鳥從他的農地嚇走。）
7. They also attack when no other sharks are around to compete with them.
理由:
a. 空格前有不定詞 to，後有介詞 with，可知空格內應置入原形不及物動詞。
b. 符合上述的選項有 (B) compete（競爭）和 (I) survive（倖存，活下來），惟 compete 置入後符合語意，故選 (B)。
c. compete vi. 競爭
compete with... 和……競爭
例: Kent had to compete with 10 other people for the same job.
（肯特必須和另外 10 個人競爭這份工作。）
8. Though this makes the great white sound more like a vicious murderer than an animal, ...
理由:
a. 空格測試以下固定用法：
sound like + 名詞 聽起來像……
例: Your voice sounds like your father's.
（你的聲音聽起來像你爸爸。）
b. 根據上述，可知 (A) like 為正選。
9. Unlike human murderers, sharks don't murder for the thrill of killing; they only kill to eat and survive.
理由:
a. 空格位於句尾，而前有原形動詞 eat 及對等連接詞 and，可知空格內應置入原形不及物動詞或不及物動詞片語。
b. 符合上述的選項僅剩 (I) survive（倖存，活下來），置入後亦符合語意，表鯊魚只會為了食物和『生存』進行殺戮，可知應選 (I)。
c. survive vi. 倖存，活下來
例: After the plane crash, Laura felt lucky that she survived unharmed.
（墜機事件後，蘿拉覺得自己很幸運能毫髮無傷活下來。）
10. While attacks on humans sometimes happen, they are extremely rare.
理由:
a. 空格前有 be 動詞 are 和副詞 extremely（極度地），可知空格內應置入形容詞。
b. 選項中為形容詞的僅剩 (C) rare（罕見的，稀少的），置入後亦符合語意，表雖然鯊魚攻擊人類的事件時有耳聞，但這種情形相當『罕見』，故 (C) 為正選。
c. rare a. 罕見的，稀少的
例: This comic book is rare and worth lots of money.
（這本漫畫書很稀有，現在值不少錢。）
精解字詞片語
1. scare the pants off sb 把某人嚇得魂不附體
例: The horror movie scared the pants off Andy.
（這部恐怖片把安迪嚇得魂不附體。）
2. alive a. 活著的
be eaten/buried alive 被活生生吃掉∕被活埋
注意:
alive 與名詞並用時，應置於名詞之後。
例: The police only found two people alive after the landslide.
（這場山崩後，警方只找到兩名生還者。）
3. depict vt. 描寫，描述
depict A as B 把 A 描述∕形容為 B
= describe A as B
例: Al depicted his ex-wife as an alcoholic.
（艾爾把他前妻說成是酒鬼。）
4. observe vt. 觀察
例: The little boy observed the ants crawling up the tree.
（這小男孩觀察那些螞蟻往樹上爬。）
5. commonly adv. 通常，一般
例: Knee injuries are commonly found among basketball players.
（膝蓋受傷在籃球員中很常見。）
6. close in 靠近；包圍
close in for the kill 靠近以獵殺
close in on sb/sth 朝某物∕某人靠近
例: The police closed in on the criminal's hideout.
（警方慢慢朝罪犯的藏身之處接近。）
7. especially adv. 特別，尤其
例: Andy likes all kinds of fruit, especially watermelon.
= Andy likes all kinds of fruit, particularly watermelon.
= Andy likes all kinds of fruit, watermelon in particular.
（安迪喜歡所有的水果，尤其是西瓜。）
8. some sort of... 某種的……
= some kind of...
例: Jack saw some sort of flying object in the sky the other day.
（前些天傑克看到空中有某種飛行物體。）
9. would rather + V 寧願……
例: Even if your criticism is constructive, I would rather not hear it at all.
（即使你的批評很有建設性，我還是寧願不要聽。）
單字小舖
1. strategy n. 策略；戰略
2. blockbuster n. 賣座大片
3. fearsome a. 可怕的
4. predator n. 掠食者
5. serial killer n. 連續殺人犯
6. prey n. 獵物
7. victim n. 受害者
8. vicious a. 凶惡的
9. murderer n. 兇手；謀殺者
10. aquatic a. 水棲的，水生的
11. ripper n. 持刀殺人者；撕裂者
12. murder vi. & vt. 殺人，謀殺
13. thrill n. 興奮，激動
14. entirely adv. 完全，徹底地
同義字:
completely adv. 完全地
= totally adv.
15. seal n. 海豹
16. dolphin n. 海豚
17. sea lion n. 海獅
片語小舖
＊ be thought of as... 被視為……
= be looked on/upon as...
= be regarded as...
= be seen as...
= be viewed as...
史蒂芬‧史匹柏 1975 年的《大白鯊》被公認為首部暑假賣座強片。這部片中因為有許多人被鯊魚活生生吃掉的逼真場景而嚇壞大眾。最近有一項研究顯示，大白鯊這種獵食動物可能比之前所描述的還更令人生畏。研究大白鯊的科學家表示，他們觀察到大白鯊獵食時會運用一些技巧，而這些技巧較常見於人類中的連續殺人犯，而非動物界。
邁阿密大學的鯊魚研究員 Neil Hammerschlag 說，大白鯊並非隨意攻擊獵物。相反地，牠們會從遠方觀察動物，研究其習性，然後靠近捕食。鯊魚會從距離獵物達 100 碼之處進行跟蹤，這個距離遠到不會被獵物看見或把牠們嚇跑。牠們在光線昏暗時攻擊獵物，尤其是年幼落單的動物。此外，牠們也會挑沒有其他鯊魚在附近一起競爭時進行攻擊。
雖然這個研究結果讓大白鯊更像兇惡的殺人兇手而非動物，但重要的是，不能因此將這種水中獵食者視為開膛手傑克。不同於人類的殺人兇手，鯊魚不會為了追求刺激而獵殺，牠們只會為了食物和生存進行殺戮。雖然鯊魚攻擊人類的事件時有耳聞，但這種情形相當罕見。如果可以選擇的話，大白鯊寧願避開人類，選擇海豹、海豚、海獅或甚至自己的同類來飽餐一頓。
標準答案: 1. (F) 2. (J) 3. (G) 4. (H) 5. (E) 6. (D) 7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (I) 10. (C)
