2024-10-09 05:02:54　新聞來源 : 匯流新聞網
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【名家論壇】醫療英文專業用語之歧視及演進-從美國醫療界「R」字的使用爭議上討論如何重新建立醫療團隊與病患在用字遣詞上的信任關係（下）

蕭乃彰／蕭中正醫療體系營運長

在醫學領域中，專業和日常的溝通用語也隨著時間的推移而不斷演變，並變得更加尊重和包容，以下為一些顯著的例子：

“mental retardation” -> “intellectual disability” (有關智能障礙)

“retarded” -> “developmentally delayed” or “person with developmental disabilities” (有關發展障礙者)

“mentally handicapped” -> “person with intellectual disabilities” or “person with cognitive challenges” (有關智能或認知障礙者)

“crippled” or “handicapped” -> “physically challenged” or “person with a disability” (有關身障人士)

“deaf-mute” -> “deaf” or “person who is deaf” (有關聾啞人士)

“invalid” or “shut-in” -> “homebound,” “person with limited mobility,” or “person with mobility impairment” (有關行動障礙者)

“elderly” or “senior citizen” -> “older adults” or “older people”（有關年長者）

“geriatric” or “senile” -> “older adult” or “person with age-related conditions” (有關與年齡相關症狀者)

“schizophrenic” or “schizo” -> “person with schizophrenia” (有關精神分裂症者)

“psycho” or “lunatic” -> “person with mental health challenges” or “individual with psychiatric disorder” (有關心理健康問題者)

“crazy” or “insane” -> “person with a mental health condition” or “person experiencing a psychiatric disorder” (有關精神健康問題者)

“mentally disturbed” or “psychotic” -> “person with a mental health disorder” or “person experiencing psychosis” (有關精神健康障礙者)

“lunatic” or “crazy” -> “person with a mental illness” or “individual experiencing mental health challenges” (有關經歷精神健康挑戰的個人)

“mental institution” or “asylum” -> “mental health facility” or “psychiatric hospital” (有關精神健康照護機構)

“mental patient” or “mental case” -> “person with mental illness” or “individual receiving mental health treatment“ (有關精神健康疾病者)

“dwarf” or “midget” -> “person of short stature” (有關身材矮小者)

“obese” -> “person with obesity” or “person who is overweight” (有關超重者)

“substance abuse” -> “substance use disorder” or “substance misuse” (有關藥物使用障礙者)

“hysterical” -> “emotionally distressed” or “in a state of distress” (有關情緒困擾者)

“confined to a wheelchair” -> “wheelchair user” (有關輪椅使用者)

“victim” -> “survivor” (有關在性侵犯或家暴創傷等情況)

“gender reassignment surgery” or “sex change operation” -> “gender-affirming surgery”（有關性別確認手術）

“homosexual” -> “gay” or “lesbian”（有關性取向）

“homosexual lifestyle” or “homosexual lifestyle choice” -> “sexual orientation” or “sexual identity” (有關性取向或性認同)

“junkie” or “drug addict” -> “person with a substance use disorder” or “individual with substance dependency” (有關具有藥物使用依賴的個人)

“alcoholic” or “drunk” -> “person with alcohol use disorder” or “individual experiencing alcohol dependence”（有關經歷酒精依賴的個人）

“caucasian” or “oriental” -> “white” or “Asian” (有關白人或亞裔人士)

“negro” or “colored” -> “black” or “African American” (有關黑人或非洲裔美國人)

“epileptic” -> “person with epilepsy”（有關癲癇症狀者）

“prostitute” or “whore” -> “sex worker” or “person in the sex industry” (有關性行業人士”

“bedridden” -> “confined to bed” or “person who is immobile” (有關無法活動者)

“amputee” -> “person with limb loss” or “individual with limb difference”（有關肢體殘缺者）

“Mongoloid” or “Mongoloid idiocy” -> “person with Down syndrome” or “individual with trisomy 21″（有關唐氏症患者或是21三體症候群患者）

“chronic fatigue syndrome” -> “myalgic encephalomyelitis” or “ME/CFS”（有關肌痛性腦脊髓炎） “quadriplegic” or “paraplegic” -> “person with quadriplegia” or “person with paraplegia” (有關四肢癱瘓者)

“gangrene leg” -> “person with gangrene affecting the leg” (有關壞疽影響腿部的個人)

“AIDS patient” -> “person living with HIV/AIDS” or “HIV-positive individual” (有關愛滋病毒陽性者)

“sexually transmitted disease” (STD) -> “sexually transmitted infection” (STI) (有關性傳染)

“transvestite” or “cross-dresser” -> “gender nonconforming” or “person who dresses in clothing typically associated with a different gender” (有關穿著與不同性別相關衣服的個人)

“tranny” or “shemale” -> “transgender” or “trans person“ (有關跨性別者)

“incurable” -> “chronic” or “manageable” (有關慢性或可控制的)

“handicapped parking” -> “accessible parking” or “parking for people with disabilities” (有關無障礙停車位)

“nursing home” -> “long-term care facility” or “skilled nursing facility” (有關專業護理機構)

“demented” -> “person with dementia” or “individual experiencing cognitive decline” (有關認知能力下降的個體) “comatose” or “vegetative state” -> “unresponsive” or “minimally conscious state” (有關最低意識狀態)

“freak” or “freak show” -> “person with a unique appearance” or “individual with physical diversity” (有關具有身體多樣性的個體)

“nappy” or “kinky” -> “natural” or “coily” (有關黑色的捲髮)

“failed suicide attempt” -> “suicide attempt” or “nonfatal suicide attempt” (有關非致命自殺未遂)

“personality disorder” -> “psychopath” or “sociopath” (有關反社會行為)

“welfare queen” or “lazy welfare recipient” -> “person receiving government assistance” or “individual in need of social support” (有關需要社會支持的個人)

“cancer victim” -> “cancer survivor” or “person living with cancer” (有關癌症患者)

以上這些醫療用語的變化，正反映出在醫療照護的層面中, 不斷努力使用更尊重、包容、以及更加強調以人為中心思維的語言。

最後再從人類歷史和語言演進的角度來分析，語言使用上的演變是一個動態的應用，文字的意義和使用的方式會隨著時間和文化的變化而不斷推進。我們應該意識到語言的多樣性和變化性，並且尊重不同文化、社會經濟、種族、和身心健康背景中的語言及表達方式。總括來說，應該以更為開放的態度和多元的觀點來看待麻州總醫院MGH對「R」字使用上的爭議，我們應該從醫學、心理學、社會學、語義學、和人文歷史學等多層面角度上來思考這個議題，並尋求建立開放對話的機制，以及尊重多元意見的環境，才可能逐步建立一個更加包容和相互溝通體諒的醫療照護環境，同時保障了病患和醫療人員之尊嚴和權利，而這一切或許可以就從我們所說的話語，和使用的詞彙來開始做起。